SOURCE HIERARCHY
Primary materials come first.
We prioritize regulatory filings, earnings releases, official statistics, company product and service documentation, research-institution equipment records, laws and regulator guidance. Secondary reporting may help identify a question but does not replace the original source for a material claim.
PRIVATE COMPANIES
A missing ticker is not a missing company.
Coverage may include unlisted companies and businesses using the yūgen kaisha trade name when their products, technology or supply-chain role provide useful industrial evidence. Each note verifies the formal company name and legal form from available official materials, labels the company as not publicly traded, and separates confirmed facts from company claims. Revenue, profit, customers or market share are not estimated when reliable evidence is unavailable. Legacy yūgen kaisha are treated in line with Japan's statutory transition framework for tokurei yūgen kaisha. See the governing transition law on e-Gov.
- 01
Separate fact, inference and opinion
Reported facts are cited. Interpretations are described as inference. Editorial judgments are written as judgments rather than disguised as data.
- 02
Translate meaning with context
Japanese terms are translated for an overseas reader. When a wording choice could alter the investment meaning, the original expression or a direct source is provided.
- 03
Do not manufacture precision
We do not publish an exact market-share number, forecast or valuation range unless its methodology and scope can be verified.
- 04
State the falsifier
Company notes identify the operating or financial evidence that would weaken the thesis.
- 05
Disclose conflicts before conclusions
Relevant holdings, compensation, commercial relationships and material access are disclosed in the article.
- 06
Label what cannot be invested in—or known
Private-company notes state that no publicly traded security is being analyzed. Missing financial or ownership information stays missing rather than being filled with estimates.
AI & REVIEW
Tools may assist; responsibility stays with the desk.
Software and AI tools may assist with retrieval, translation, tabulation and drafting. Material claims are checked against cited sources before publication. The publisher remains responsible for the final wording, corrections and disclosures.