SOURCE HIERARCHY
Primary materials come first.
We prioritize regulatory filings, earnings releases, official statistics, company product and service documentation, research-institution equipment records, laws and regulator guidance. Secondary reporting may help identify a question but does not replace the original source for a material claim.
PRIVATE COMPANIES
A missing ticker is not a missing company.
Coverage may include unlisted companies and businesses using the yūgen kaisha trade name when their products, technology or supply-chain role provide useful industrial evidence. Each note verifies the formal company name and legal form from available official materials, labels the company as not publicly traded, and separates confirmed facts from company claims. Revenue, profit, customers or market share are not estimated when reliable evidence is unavailable. Legacy yūgen kaisha are treated in line with Japan's statutory transition framework for tokurei yūgen kaisha. See the governing transition law on e-Gov.
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Make the boundary between evidence and interpretation readable
Material facts link to sources. Interpretation is written in ordinary editorial language and does not imitate a reported fact. Uncertainty and missing evidence remain visible without exposing internal drafting labels.
- 02
Translate meaning with context
Japanese terms are translated for an overseas reader. When a wording choice could alter the investment meaning, the original expression or a direct source is provided.
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Do not manufacture precision
We do not publish an exact market-share number, forecast or valuation range unless its methodology and scope can be verified.
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Explain what could change the picture
Company notes identify operating, technological, competitive or financial evidence that would materially change the current interpretation.
- 05
Disclose conflicts before conclusions
Relevant holdings, compensation, commercial relationships and material access are disclosed in the article.
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Label what cannot be invested in—or known
Private-company notes state that no publicly traded security is being analyzed. Missing financial or ownership information stays missing rather than being filled with estimates.
AI & REVIEW
Tools may assist; publication responsibility remains human.
Software and AI tools may assist with source discovery, translation, data extraction, comparison, organization and drafting. They are not presented as authors, interviewers, experts or fact-checkers. Material claims must be checked against the cited source before publication, and unsupported generated detail is removed rather than treated as fact.
NO INVENTED ACCESS
Research scope is stated as it occurred.
An article does not claim a site visit, expert interview, company access or independent verification unless that activity actually took place.
CORRECTIONS
Published work remains revisable.
Material errors receive a dated correction. Later developments are identified as updates so a changed industry does not get confused with an inaccurate original source reading.